An Ultra-Miniaturized Antenna With Ultra-Wide Bandwidth for Future Cardiac Leadless Pacemaker

The detuning owing to the complex in-body operating scenarios, environmental factors, and circuitry of the implantable medical devices (IMDs) are the primary concerns in integrating implantable antennas with their corresponding systems. The wide bandwidth achievement for avoiding the detuning challenges is constrained by device specifications and antenna miniaturization. This study presents an ultra-miniaturized antenna of only 10.66 mm
³
volume with an ultra-wide bandwidth of 3040 MHz (0.79–3.83 GHz) for a leadless pacemaker (LP). The proposed antenna encompasses the five important bands: ISM (868–868.6 MHz, 902–928 MHz, and 2.4–2.48 GHz), Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) (1395–1400 MHz), and the midfield (1.45–1.6 GHz) bands. To consider a practical operating scenario, the antenna was integrated with a battery and controlling electronics of an LP. In a homogeneous heart phantom (HHP), the proposed antenna showed a higher gain of −28.7, −20.02, and −16.7 dBi at 915 MHz, 1.4 GHz, and 2.45 GHz, respectively. The specific absorption rate (SAR) evaluation in the heart of a realistic model guaranteed patient safety by satisfying the IEEE C95.1-2005 and C95.1-1999 guidelines. The antenna is experimentally validated through measurements in minced pork. The strength of the received signal in the measurements confirms a stable biotelemetric link of the proposed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with an external monitoring system. The results obtained through simulations and in vitro testing emphasized that the proposed ultra-miniaturized and UWB antenna could operate more efficiently in the heart, thus establishing itself as a suitable candidate for the LPs.