Efficient Error Detection Architectures for Postquantum Signature Falcon’s Sampler and KEM SABER

Among the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) postquantum cryptography (PQC) standardization Round 3 finalists (announced in 2020 and anticipated to conclude in 2022–2024), SABER and Falcon are efficient key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) and compact signature scheme, respectively. SABER is a simple and flexible cryptographic scheme, highly suitable for thwarting potential attacks in the postquantum era. Implementing SABER can be performed solely in hardware (HW) or on HW/software coprocessors. On the other hand, the compact key size, efficient design, and strong reliability proof in the quantum random oracle model (QROM) make Falcon a highly suitable signature algorithm for PQC. Although Falcon is crucial as a PQC signature scheme, the utilization of the Gaussian sampler makes it vulnerable to malicious attacks, e.g., fault attacks. This is the first work to present error detection schemes embedded efficiently in SABER as well as Falcon’s sampler architectures, which can detect both transient and permanent faults. Moreover, we implement HW design for the ModFalcon signature algorithm as well as the Gaussian sampler. These schemes are implemented on a formerly Xilinx field-programmable gate array (FPGA) family, for both SABER and Falcon variants, where we assess the error coverage and the performance. The proposed schemes incur low overhead (the area, delay, and power overheads being 22.59%, 19.77%, and 10.67%, respectively, in the worst case) while providing a high fault detection rate (99.9975% in the worst case scenario), making them suitable for high efficiency and compact HW implementations of constrained applications.