Profit Sharing Mechanism for Incentivizing Vehicle-to-Grid in Regional Energy Internet

As energy depletion grows increasingly urgent, finding an alternative energy to replace fossil fuel has been under the spotlight. The transition to renewable energy has led to rapid growth of plugged-in electric vehicles (PEVs), leaving grid controllers with larger amount of uncertainties. A regional energy internet (REI) enables the optimization of energy consumption within its control zone as well as gives necessary feedback to bulk power systems. By adding a centralized controller, the total operational costs can be greatly reduced. In this paper, a REI model is formulated along with various distributed energy resources (DERs) including micro-turbines (MTs), wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic systems (PVs) and PEVs. The regional operator is able to get maximum revenues by power scheduling. A two-stage stochastic programing model is used in this paper to address the uncertainty of the arrival and departure time of PEVs as well as to determine the biggest profit that a REI can make. Nash bargaining theory is used to determine the value each individual PEV in order to give reasonable reward as an incentive to encourage more EV owner to provide vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. Case studies demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed model and mechanism.