A General Approach for Synthesizing Multibeam Antenna Arrays Employing Generalized Joined Coupler Matrix

Despite the rapidly increasing interest in analog multibeam antennas, there has been a lack of systematic theoretical approaches to synthesizing circuit-type multiple beamforming networks, such as the Blass matrix and the Nolen matrix. To address the issue, this article presents a new concept, the generalized joined coupler (GJC) matrix, which encapsulates both the Blass matrix and the Nolen matrix, as well as their variants, and presents a novel theoretical framework for generating individually and independently controllable multiple beams using the GJC matrix. A GJC matrix has
$N $
columns to feed
$N $
antenna elements and
$M $
rows to feed
$M $
beams, and the direction of each individual beam can be controlled by tuning the phase shifters in the associated row of the GJC matrix. In this article, a matrix theory is developed, and an optimization algorithm is proposed to provide a mathematical tool for synthesizing such matrices and, consequently, the multiple beams. Using a particle swarm optimization algorithm, numerical results demonstrate that multibeams with independent control of individual beam directions and sidelobes can, indeed, be synthesized in a systematic manner. Specifically, two GJC matrix variants, the Blass-like matrix and the Nolen-like matrix, are investigated.