A time and space optimal stable population protocol solving exact majority

We study population protocols, a model of distributed computing appropriate for modeling well-mixed chemical reaction networks and other physical systems where agents exchange information in pairwise interactions, but have no control over their schedule of interaction partners. The majority problem is that of determining in an initial population of
$n$
agents, each with one of two opinions
$A$
or B, whether there are more A, more B, or a tie. A stable protocol solves this problem with probability 1 by eventually entering a configuration in which all agents agree on a correct consensus decision of A, B, or T, from which the consensus cannot change. We describe a protocol solving this problem using O(log n) states (log log
$n$
+ O(1) bits of memory) and optimal expected time
$O$
(log
$n$
). The number of states
$O$
(log
$n$
) is known to be optimal for polylogarithmic time stable protocols that are “output dominant” and “monotone” [1]. These are two natural constraints satisfied by our protocol, making it simultaneously time- and state-optimal for that class. We introduce a key technique called a “fixed resolution clock” to achieve partial synchronization. Our protocol is nonuniform: the transition function has the value [log
$n$
] encoded in it. We show that the protocol can be modified to be uniform, while increasing the state complexity to Θ (log
$n$
log log n).