Sensors for Bone Mineral Density Measurement to Identify the Level of Osteoporosis: A Study

Osteoporosis (OP) is a skeletal system-wide metabolic disorder marked by degradation of bone microarchitecture (BMA), reduced bone mineral density (BMD), and change in protein level. As a result, a diagnostic approach can completely examine bone strength and is convenient to adopt that should be established for OP screening and early identification. The majority of currently offered clinical diagnostic methods rely on the utilization of X-rays or ultrasonography. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA/DEXA) that provides BMD information, is now considered the “gold standard” for OP diagnosis. The metrics obtained by this approach, on the other hand, can only describe variations in BMD and unable to assess BMA, or further significant characteristics that influence fracture risk. The broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) are the main features of the quantitative ultrasound (QUS) bone evaluation approach. Early detection of indications and diagnosis of bone illnesses are becoming critical in order to avert significant consequences. The development of diverse monitoring systems for bone strength and estimating methodologies used by investigators and healthcare corporations have been addressed as a result of this motivation. This research highlights the numerous sensors widely available and their features for measuring BMD.