Co-Simulation of Optimal EVSE and Techno-Economic System Design Models for Electrified Fleets

As the transition to electric mobility is expanding at a rapid pace, operationally feasible and economically viable charging infrastructure is needed to support electrified fleets. This paper presents a co-simulation of optimal electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and techno-economic system design models to investigate the behaviors of various EVSE configurations from cost and technical aspects. While the system design optimization is performed for a grid-tied PV system, the optimal EVSE model considers all EVSE options that are currently installed at workplaces. To investigate the impact of the EV utilization rate, three fleet sizes are considered, which are generated based on real EV fleet data. Furthermore, the impact of electricity rates is also explored through an innovative business EV-specific (BEV) rate and a conventional time-of-use (ToU) tariff. It is shown that investing in grid-tied renewable energy technologies for workplace charging infrastructure supply can lower charging costs. Cost savings differ from EVSE types and fleet size under the BEV rate, while EVSEs display similar cost-saving behavior under the ToU tariff irrespective of fleet size. DC Fast Charging (DCFC) EVSE is found to be highly sensitive to fleet size as compared to AC EVSEs. Moreover, DCFCs make better use of the BEV rate, which makes their economics competitive as much as AC EVSEs. Finally, it is found that the fleet size and AC EVSE types have a minor effect on the use of renewable energy in contrast to the DCFC case.