Design and Validation of a Hydrogen Efficient Model-based Power Distribution Method for a Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus

A model-based energy management strategy is introduced to distribute power for fuel cell hybrid buses in real-time applications. This strategy is based on the adaptive Pontryagin's minimum principle (APMP), and the costate defined in the optimal control is accurately estimated using an analytical formula. Thereby, the average fuel cell power and the state of charge (SoC) are inputs of the formula. Moreover, the average fuel cell power required by the formula is determined in real-time to consider the compromise between energy efficiency and charge-sustaining. The strategy's high hydrogen efficiency is validated through simulation under two driving cycles.