A Simulated and Experimental Analysis of Evaporation Duct Effects on Microwave Communications in the Irish Sea

This article presents a simulated and experimental analysis of the effects of the evaporation duct on microwave propagation in the Irish Sea. The evaporation duct is a phenomenon that occurs almost permanently over all the world’s oceans and allows electromagnetic waves to travel beyond the horizon. Weather data logged over several years from four buoys off the east coast of Ireland has been analyzed to find the probability and strength of the evaporation duct. Signal propagation in the evaporation duct has been simulated using the parabolic equation model and compared to results obtained from an experimental setup in the Irish Sea. The best antenna heights and frequencies to maximize signal propagation at this location are also found. Results show that the evaporation duct can be used to provide high bandwidth communications beyond the horizon with an uptime of approximately 40%, and that weather data from buoys can be used to predict the performance of the communications link. While this method of communication is not one that can be relied on all the time, it could be useful to reduce dependency on expensive satellite links or provide nontime critical communications.