Dynamic Model and Converter-Based Emulator of a Data Center Power Distribution System

Data centers have become a widespread power electronics (PE) load, which has significant impact on the power grid. In order to investigate the data center load characteristics, this article proposes a complete dynamic model for a typical data center ac power distribution system. A generalized model with mode transition is proposed to coordinate different power stages in the data center power system. Meanwhile, to help evaluate the grid dynamic performance and transient stability, an all-in-one load data center power emulator is developed on a reconfigurable PE converter-based hardware testbed (HTB). The dynamic power model is digitized and simplified to be implemented in two local voltage source inverters on the HTB. This proposed data center power emulator has been verified experimentally in a regional network. Dynamic performances during voltage sag events and server load variations are emulated and discussed. The article details the design, development, and verification of the data center model and power emulator. The proposed model and emulator provide an effective, easy-to-use tool to better design data centers and study the interaction with the power system.