Rainbow-Link: Beam-Alignment-Free and Grant-Free mmW Multiple Access Using True-Time-Delay Array

The millimeter-wave (mmW) communications is a key enabling technology in 5G to provide ultra-high throughput. Current mmW technologies rely on analog phased arrays to realize beamforming gain and overcome high path loss. However, due to a limited number of simultaneous beams that can be created with analog/hybrid phased antenna arrays, the overheads of beam training and beam scheduling become a bottleneck for emerging networks that need to support a large number of users and low latency applications. This paper introduces rainbow-link, a novel multiple access protocol, that can achieve low latency and massive connectivity by exploiting wide bandwidth at mmW frequencies and novel analog true-time-delay array architecture with frequency dependent beamforming capability. In the proposed design, the network infrastructure is equipped with the true-time-delay array to simultaneously steer different frequency resource blocks towards distinct directions covering the entire cell sector. Users or devices, equipped with a narrowband receiver and either a single antenna or small phased antenna array, connect to the network based on their angular positions by selecting frequency resources within their rainbow beam allocation. Rainbow-link is combined with a contention-based grant-free access to eliminate the explicit beam training and user scheduling. The proposed design and analysis show that rainbow-link grant-free access is a potential candidate for latency-critical use cases within massive connectivity. Our results show that, given less than 10
⁻⁵
probability of packet loss, a rainbow-link cell, over 1 GHz bandwidth using 64 element antenna array, attains sub-millisecond user-plane latency and Mbps user rates with an approximate 400m line-of-sight coverage and a density of up to 5 active single antenna users per second per m
²
.