Conversion Loss Analysis in CSRR-Based Microwave Sensors for Carotid Plaques Characterization

This paper presents a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) model for the non-destructive characterisation of carotid plaques. The proposed sensor model is corroborated through histopathological examination of the carotid plaques of three different patients, in addition to their ex-vivo S-parameter measurements and system co-simulation using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. The performance of the implemented model is then investigated to identify the conversion loss level of each studied carotid-plaque sample. The results demonstrate that a stable plaque with mainly fibrotic and calcified tissue has a higher conversion loss level. In contrast, a lower level of conversion loss characterises a plaque that has mostly necrotic tissue.