Employing a robust data-driven model to assess the environmental damages caused by installing grouted columns

The jet grouting process involves injecting large quantities of highly pressurized fluids into the soil, which may result in a substantial ground displacement and adverse effects on the environment around the excavation. Consequently, the ground displacement must be estimated accurately in the design phase. In this study, two machine learning models namely, extreme learning machine (ELM) and modified K-nearest neighbor (KNN) are used to estimate the ground displacements. The comparison results show that the ELM is superior to the KNN model in terms of estimation accuracy (coefficient of determination is 0.940). Moreover, the ELM model shows an enhancement by 11.43% higher accuracy in terms of reducing the mean absolute error compared to the KNN model. Overall, the results indicate that ELM has the ability to accurately assess the harmful damages caused by installing grouted columns.