Modeling a flat plate solar collector subject to time-varying environmental conditions

We can use solar energy through solar collectors that are heat exchangers which absorb solar thermal energy and transfer it in the form of heat to a fluid. However, the problem is that solar energy is not constant, and it is essential for industrial applications the deliver a continuous thermal load or continuous temperature. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to predict the collector's output temperature subject to time-varying, unknown solar irradiance, ambient temperature, and wind speed.