An ICA Investigation into the Effect of Physiological Noise Correction on Dimensionality and Spatial Maps of Intrinsic Connectivity Networks

Physiological processes such as cardiac pulsations and respiration can induce signal modulations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series, and confound inferences made about neural processing from analyses of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals. Retrospective image space correction of physiological noise (RETROICOR) is a widely used approach to reduce physiological signals in data. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a valuable blind source separation method for analyzing brain networks, referred to as intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs). Previously, we showed that temporal properties of the ICA-derived networks such as spectral power and functional network connectivity could be impacted by RETROICOR corrections. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of retrospective correction of physiological artifacts on the ICA dimensionality (model order) and intensities of ICN spatial maps. To this aim, brain BOLD fMRI, heartbeat, and respiration were measured in 22 healthy subjects during resting state. ICA dimensionality was estimated using minimum description length (MDL) based on i.i.d. data samples and smoothness FWHM kernel, and entropy-rate based order selection by finite memory length model (ER-FM) and autoregressive model (ER-AR). Differences in spatial maps between the raw and denoised data were compared using the paired t-test and false discovery rate (FDR) thresholding was used to correct for multiple comparisons. Results showed that ICA dimensionality was greater in the raw data compared to the denoised data. Significant differences were found in the intensities of spatial maps for three ICNs: basal ganglia, precuneus, and frontal network. These preliminary results indicate that the retrospective physiological noise correction can induce change in the resting state spatial map intensity related to the within-network connectivity. More research is needed to understand this effect.