Evolving Flexible Sensors, Wearable and Implantable Technologies Towards BodyNET for Advanced Healthcare and Reinforced Life Quality

Recent advances in flexible electronics have offered a good opportunity in designing a variety of wearable devices for healthcare monitoring, prevention medicine, and robotic control. Wearable sensors are entering the era of digital health, with compelling functionalities in recording vital signs, physiological signals, body kinetics, and dynamic biomolecular state. Meanwhile, energy harvesters that scavenge waste energy from body motions and the ambient environment have received intense attention, which are expected to realize self-powered or energy-autonomous systems. Moving towards the inside of the body, the implantable device also plays an indispensable role in monitoring key biomedical and physiological information and effective treatment of chronic diseases. Besides, wearable robotic exoskeletons have enabled advanced functionalities of assisting or augmenting human mobilities unprecedently. These technologies and platforms will be merged, giving way to the bodyNET: a network of wearable sensors, implantable devices, and exoskeletons for improved healthcare and health outcomes. In this article, we offer a brief review of recent advances in flexible and wearable sensors and summarize the progress of self-powered wearable sensors based on piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators. We also discuss the implantable devices and self-powered neuromodulation systems and offer recent works of lower-limb exoskeletons. Lastly, we present a future trend towards a comprehensive and capable bodyNET for advanced healthcare and reinforced life quality.