Design and Performance Analysis of Monopole Antenna for the Detection of Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Human Liver

Liver cancer has become a prevalent cause of mortality in recent decades. Among various kinds of Liver Cancer, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) or Hepatoma has become very common. In this paper, a detailed analysis has been made about the human liver through detecting the early stage of HCC using a Monopole Antenna, which has been successfully designed in the CST Studio Suite 2019 software. As a part of the valid analysis, a Human Liver phantom has also been developed in the same software, including the combinations of Skin, Fat, Muscle, Liver. Additionally, using various kinds of dielectric properties, a group of tumor cells was created in the Liver Phantom to determine the Antenna model's effectiveness. After that, the performance of the designed Antenna was determined in free space and including the tumor cells as well. Simulation results have been successfully obtained, including Return Loss (S
1, 1
) of −27.48 dB, VSWR of 1.088, Efficiency of 70.55%, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 0.665 W/kg, and many more after applying to the Hepatoma-affected liver phantom. Based on the determined results, a detailed performance analysis of the designed Monopole Antenna has been made in this paper, validating the research's effectiveness and objectives.