Security Vulnerabilities Affecting on Addititve Manufacturing Systems in the Era of Industry 4.0: An Extensive Review

The Industry 4.0 concept refers to the integration of the smart manufacturing systems with the developed information technologies such as machine learning, internet of things (IoT), big data, augmented reality, additive manufacturing/3D printing, and cyber security technologies. This paper presents the potential vulnerabilities and their affects on the additive manufacturing systems at various stages including design phase, manufacturing phase, post-processing and testing phase. It was found that the malicious modification of 3D CAD file, .STL file, toolpath or G-code file affects on the quality and functional performance of the additive manufactured parts by means of introducing the internal voids, modify the external surface geometry, or alter the printer firmware to change the laser power intensity, scanning strategy, and layer thickness. Furthermore, the side-channel leakage of information from the vibration, acoustic, thermal, magnetic and power emissions data could be used to reconstruct the original product design and manufacturing conditions. Finally, the paper concludes the importance of cybersecurity of additive manufacturing systems in order to achieve the desired quality and productivity.