Beam Pattern Synthesis of Analog Arrays

Given an antenna array and a digital beamformer, one can form individually steerable multi‐beams using adaptive beamforming algorithms, but this is achieved at the high cost of both analog and digital hardware, as well as energy consumption. This chapter addresses a number of array synthesis problems facing the design of 5G, 6G, and beyond arrays. These include the synthesis of thinned arrays to save cost; the synthesis of antenna arrays using element rotations to simplify the feed network; the synthesis of sum and difference patterns for communications with moving platforms; and the synthesis of single input multiple output multi‐beam arrays. Detailed synthesis algorithms are presented to illustrate the advantages of an array with rotated elements to meet such wireless communication system requirements. Two examples of synthesizing sum and difference patterns using rotated dipole array elements are examined to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.