A Microwave Frequency Range Experiment for the Measurement of Snow Density and Liquid Water Content

This article presents a new nondestructive characterization system for the extraction of both snow density and liquid water content (LWC). The experiment primarily measures the relative complex permittivity of snow (
$\overline {{{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}_{\boldsymbol{s}}}} $
) at microwave frequencies at 4–6 GHz. The density and LWC are then deduced with high accuracy from an empirical model of the literature that has been experimentally validated in this study.