Breakdown Voltage of Transformer Oil Containing Cellulose Particle Contamination With and Without Bridge Formation Under Lightning Impulse Stress

This study investigates the effect of cellulose bridge formation on insulating oil. Such effect influences the breakdown voltage and strength of mineral oil (MO) under standard lightning impulse (LI) voltage. A cylindrical test vessel fitted with spherical–spherical electrodes with a 2 mm gap distance between them was used to generate a quasi-uniform field and observe bridge formation between the gaps. A positive LI waveform (1.2/
$50~\mu \text{s}$
) generated by an impulse generator was applied during the breakdown tests. The rising-voltage method was used to measure the breakdown voltage in accordance with the IEC 60897 standard test method. Weibull cumulative breakdown probability was applied to present the breakdown results statistically, and the outcome was compared with clean oil (CO). Commercial cellulose microcrystalline particles were dispersed into the transformer oil to act as bridge. The concentrations of the samples were 0.004%, 0.008% and 0.012% by weight. The breakdown test results showed that the cellulosic particles reduced the LI breakdown voltage (LIBV) of MO by up to 10%. The influence of cellulose particles on LIBV was also more prominent during bridge formation, with a further reduction of 14%. Evidently, the presence of the cellulose bridge exerted a detrimental effect on the breakdown voltage of MO under LI stress, yielding a reduction of 24% and 27% at 0.004 wt% and 0.012 wt%, respectively. Finite element analysis also indicated that the electrical field strength of cellulosic particle contamination of 0.004 wt% and 0.012 wt% without a bridge skeleton exceeded the critical electric field strength of CO by 20% and 61%, respectively. The presence of cellulosic contamination at any concentration, i.e. either with or without a bridge structure, clearly decreased the breakdown strength of transformer oil. However, the breakdown is not occurred instantaneously. The LI breakdown was initiated and established only at a certain impulse stress level, when the electric field strength along the bridge lines exceeded the critical electric field strength of the oil. Thus, this finding potentially contributes to the formulation of guidelines for condition assessment and contamination monitoring to minimise common issues in power transformer failures that are attributable to the insulation system, and consequently, achieve optimum transformer insulation integrity.