Ultrafast 3-D Ultrasound Imaging Using Row–Column Array-Specific Frame-Multiply-and-Sum Beamforming

Row–column arrays have been shown to be able to generate 3-D ultrafast ultrasound images with an order of magnitude less independent electronic channels than traditional 2-D matrix arrays. Unfortunately, row–column array images suffer from major imaging artifacts due to high sidelobes, particularly when operating at high frame rates. This article proposes a row–column-specific beamforming technique, for orthogonal plane-wave transmissions, row–column-specific frame multiply and sum (RC-FMAS), that exploits the incoherent nature of certain row–column array artifacts. A series of volumetric images is produced using row or column transmissions of 3-D plane waves. The voxelwise geometric mean of the beamformed volumetric images from each row and column pair is taken prior to compounding, which drastically reduces the incoherent imaging artifacts in the resulting image compared to traditional coherent compounding. The effectiveness of this technique was demonstrated in silico and in vitro, and the results show a significant reduction in sidelobe level with over 16-dB improvement in sidelobe to main-lobe energy ratio. Significantly improved contrast was demonstrated with contrast ratio increased by ~10 dB and generalized contrast-to-noise ratio increased by 158% when using the proposed new method compared to the existing delay and sum during in vitro studies. The new technique allowed for higher quality 3-D imaging while maintaining high frame rate potential.