Energy Management of multi-microgrids considering impacts of plug-in hybrid vehicles uncertainties and demand response

This paper presents an energy management strategy for multi networked microgrids (MGs) comprising of dispatchable and non-dispatchable distributed generation, energy storage system (ESS), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The proposed approach allows the cooperation for the direct energy exchange among the microgrids and also with the utility grid. This study investigates the impacts of stochastic charging effects of PHEVs and intermittencies of the renewables and the load demands on the proposed strategy. Furthermore, the active participation of the microgrids in the demand response (DR) program by transferring flexible loads in response to high pricing signals aid in reducing the overall cost of microgrids. The energy management (EM) problem has been formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem of minimization of the microgrids’ overall cost and emission and maximization of the distribution network operator’s (DNO) profit. Simulation results are illustrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.