Smart City Design Method for Feasible Energy Storage Introduction toward 100% Renewable Electricity

The necessity to utilize renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic and wind power has infiltrated our society. Batteries play a crucial role in absorbing the fluctuations of these power sources, but few studies focus on the cost of introducing such energy storage. To promote renewable energy sources and achieve a 100% renewable electricity supply (RE100), it is vital to investigate the economic optimal solution to determine who will afford the necessary infrastructure costs. In this paper, a smart city design method for feasible energy storage introduction in achieving REIOO is shown by introducing the notion of external income and developing a detailed simulator. External income is used for calculating the substantial costs of batteries for agents in the smart city such as the power system or electric vehicles (EVs). By sharing the assets in the city, which in this case are batteries, and minimizing the substantial costs, an optimal battery distribution plan is derived. The simulator is run to assess the feasibility of the gained distribution plan as a time series since batteries on EVs cannot be charged or discharged while the vehicles are in use. The results show that a feasible distribution plan is proposed and by minimizing the substantial costs for the smart city, the power system can reduce its necessary battery capacity, leading to a lower cost burden.