Worldwide theoretical comparison of outdoor potential for various silicon-based tandem module architectures

Non-concentrating tandem solar are on the verge of entering the PV market. One particular challenge for tandem solar cells is the interconnection scheme of the sub-cells in a module, and the implications on techno-economic factors. Here, we theoretically compare four possible tandem module architectures using the material combinations GaAs and perovskite on silicon to their single-junction counterparts. We model energy yield and performance ratios for operating conditions around the globe, and we explore the differences in cost structures. In general, we find the techno-economic performance of three-terminal and mechanically voltage-matched modules to be the most promising. Tandems are especially well suited for high-value markets and arid climates. In such conditions, the manufacturing cost premium for a record-level tandem is up to three times that of a silicon PV module.