Demonstrating Cloth Folding to Robots: Design and Evaluation of a 2D and a 3D User Interface

An appropriate user interface to collect human demonstration data for deformable object manipulation has been mostly overlooked in the literature. We present an inter-action design for demonstrating cloth folding to robots. Users choose pick and place points on the cloth and can preview a visualization of a simulated cloth before real-robot execution. Two interfaces are proposed: A 2D display-and-mouse interface where points are placed by clicking on an image of the cloth, and a 3D Augmented Reality interface where the chosen points are placed by hand gestures. We conduct a user study with 18 participants, in which each user completed two sequential folds to achieve a cloth goal shape. Results show that while both interfaces were acceptable, the 3D interface was more suitable for understanding the task, and the 2D interface was suitable for repetition. Results also found that fold previews improve three key metrics: task efficiency, the ability to predict the final shape of the cloth, and overall user satisfaction.