Swarm-Based Optimization of Final Arrival Segments Considering the UAS Integration in the National Airspace System

In the past few years, there has been a growth in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) numbers in segregated airspace. However, although there is an interest in integrating large UAS in the National Airspace System (NAS), safety challenges regarding this insertion arise from the inclusion of new ways of reaching unsafe states. Although UAS may be used in different situations and brings several advantages to the airspace (e.g., efficiency), it may bring uncertainties due to the lack of familiarity of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCos) in these operations. Furthermore, the Terminal Maneuvering Area (TMA) is a critical control area generally established at the confluence of Air Traffic Service (ATS) routes in which the aircraft tend to be closer to each other. Besides, defining a final arrival segment for a set of aircraft in a complex environment is challenging. Thereupon, the main objective of this research is to propose a parallel swarm-based method for optimizing final aircraft arrival segment design (i.e., routes that connect the final sector to the Initial Approach Fix - IAF) considering the presence of aircraft of multiple Technology Maturity Levels (TML) - including the UAS. This is conducted from two perspectives: ATCo workload (which is related to safety) and sequencing duration (which is related to efficiency). Furthermore, different phases of UAS integration are considered using the Technology Maturity Levels (TMLs). Finally, the solutions consider airspace restrictions (e.g., minimum separation between aircraft and bad weather conditions). The experiments conducted show that this approach can build safe and efficient solutions, even in situations with many aircraft.