Novel Emission Dispatch for Adding Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources With Short-Term Frequency Stability

This research proposes a novel emission dispatch formulation which solves for the optimal amount of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy sources (RES) that minimizes emission while ensuring short-term frequency stability of the power system. Unlike emission dispatch of previous research, which often neglected the added risks associated with more RES, the proposed formulation is characterized by the addition of (a) short-term frequency stability constraint and (b) EVs and RES capacity defined as part of the optimization variables. These two characteristics are utilized to solve for a risk-inclusive solution to the emission dispatch problem which gives a more realistic prospect to reducing emissions. Three test areas, loosely based on OECD countries, illustrate the effect of the proposed formulation where several insights about emission reductions are revealed.