Design of Broadband Circularly Polarized All-Textile Antenna and Its Conformal Array for Wearable Devices

A broadband circularly polarized (BCP) all-textile antenna and its wearable conformal antenna array (WCAA) are investigated for body-centric communications. Initially, a circularly polarized (CP) microstrip patch antenna loaded with a piece of the modified metasurface is designed to achieve wide impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths. The characteristic mode analysis is employed to understand the operating mechanism, which provides clear physical insight into each mode at various frequencies. Due to the adoption of textile (i.e., felt) as substrate and nylon conductive fabric as conductor, the proposed antenna is flexible, totally conforming to the curve-shaped human body. The antenna with broadside radiation is suitable for off-body communications. For verification, the prototype operating at 5 GHz (5.15–5.825 GHz) band was fabricated. The measured −10 dB impedance and 3 dB AR bandwidths of 35.1% and 17.5% with a peak gain of 8.5 dBi are achieved. Furthermore, the BCP antenna is used as an element to constitute the WCAA, and the omnidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuth plane is achieved for on- and off-body communications. The considerations about how to achieve omnidirectional radiation and avoid radiation nulls are studied in detail. Finally, the WCAA was fabricated and tested; the measured results guarantee its potential for wearable applications.