Enhanced Transmission and Distribution Network Coordination to Host More Electric Vehicles and PV

Distributed energy resources (DERs) installed at electric distribution networks create different opportunities and challenges for the distribution system operator (DSO). By increasing the penetration level of DERs, the impacts of these technologies are also sensed by the transmission system operator (TSO). The focus of this article is on investigating and managing the impacts of the electric vehicle (EV) charging and solar photo-voltaic (PV) generation considering TSO–DSO interaction constraints. These constraints include the driving point impedance that reflects the impact of the DER-rich distribution system on the upstream HV network and voltage profile control through the on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformer’s operation. The aim is to optimally utilize the existing assets and flexibilities to have more EVs and PVs at the distribution level without violating constraints at both transmission and distribution levels. The proposed model could readily be used by policymakers to design and implement the proper time-of-use tariffs for improved handling of the increasing EVs and PVs penetrations in emerging distribution networks. The proposed method is implemented on the IEEE 69-bus standard MV distribution network to demonstrate the applicability.