A Remedial Action Scheme Against False Data Injection Cyberattacks in Smart Transmission Systems: Application of Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

This article proposes a remedial action scheme (RAS) based on thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) to cope with false data injection (FDI) cyberattacks leading to tie-line congestions in transmission systems. To develop such a RAS, a three-level framework is designed. The first level of the framework is associated with the
planning
phase, where strategic locations of TCSCs are determined. The second level, which is related to the
operation
phase, challenges the upgraded system via FDI attacks, resulting in tie-line congestions. This necessitates the third level of the framework, where system operator takes advantage of a RAS based on the preinstalled TCSCs to
rapidly
alleviate the congestions caused by FDIs. The effectiveness of the developed framework is verified on two IEEE test systems, where it is assumed that a higher budget is spent on securing remote terminal units of TCSCs; hence, phasor measurement units are more prone to cyberattacks.