Ambient OFDM Pilot-Aided Backscatter Communications: Concept and Design

This paper investigates a backscatter communications system that exploits ambient
pilot
symbols used in existing standards based on
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM), such as IEEE802.11, in order to realize ultra-low power communications with longer transmission range and higher data rate than conventional ambient backscatter systems. Two modulation schemes, phase-shift keying (PSK) and a new approach named
delay-shift

keying
(DSK), are investigated for the proposed system, and the optimal design of DSK is provided based on the theoretical upper bound of the symbol error rate (SER) over double frequency-selective channels. An optimal maximum-likelihood (ML) detector is also developed for the proposed system along with a feasible transmission protocol including channel estimation. Computer simulation results reveal that, at a bandwidth efficiency less than 3 bits per channel use (bpcu), PSK achieves the lowest SER while DSK achieves the lowest SER at efficiencies greater than 2 bpcu. The performance of the proposed detector was comparable to that of the conventional joint ML detectors with a lower degree of complexity, even when a limited number of subcarriers were available as pilot symbols.