A Fully Energy-Autonomous Temperature-to-Time Converter Powered by a Triboelectric Energy Harvester for Biomedical Applications

This article presents a fully energy-autonomous temperature-to-time converter (TTC), entirely powered up by a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for biomedical applications. Existing sensing systems either consume too much power to be sustained by energy harvesting or have poor accuracy. Also, the harvesting of low-frequency energy input has been challenging due to high reverse leakage of a rectifier. The proposed dynamic leakage suppression full-bridge rectifier (DLS-FBR) reduces the reverse leakage current by more than 1000
$\times $
, enabling harvesting from sparse and sporadic energy sources; this enables the TTC to function with a TENG as the sole power source operating at <1-Hz human motion. Upon harvesting 0.6 V in the storage capacitor, the power management unit (PMU) activates the low-power TTC, which performs one-shot conversion of temperature to pulsewidth. Designed for biomedical applications, the TTC enables a temperature measurement range from 15 °C to 45 °C. The energy-autonomous TTC is fabricated in 0.18-
$\mu \text{m}$
1P6M CMOS technology, consuming 0.14 pJ/conversion with 0.014-ms conversion time.