Pulse Wave Imaging Coupled With Vector Flow Mapping: A Phantom, Simulation, and In Vivo Study

Pulse wave imaging (PWI) is an ultrasound imaging modality that estimates the wall stiffness of an imaged arterial segment by tracking the pulse wave propagation. The aim of the present study is to integrate PWI with vector flow imaging, enabling simultaneous and co-localized mapping of vessel wall mechanical properties and 2-D flow patterns. Two vector flow imaging techniques were implemented using the PWI acquisition sequence: 1) multiangle vector Doppler and 2) a cross-correlation-based vector flow imaging (CC VFI) method. The two vector flow imaging techniques were evaluated
in vitro
using a vessel phantom with an embedded plaque, along with spatially registered fluid structure interaction (FSI) simulations with the same geometry and inlet flow as the phantom setup. The flow magnitude and vector direction obtained through simulations and phantom experiments were compared in a prestenotic and stenotic segment of the phantom and at five different time frames. In most comparisons, CC VFI provided significantly lower bias or precision than the vector Doppler method (
${p} < {0.05}$
) indicating better performance. In addition, the proposed technique was applied to the carotid arteries of nonatherosclerotic subjects of different ages to investigate the relationship between PWI-derived compliance of the arterial wall and flow velocity
in vivo
. Spearman’s rank-order test revealed positive correlation between compliance and peak flow velocity magnitude (
${r}_{s} = {0.90}$
and
${p} < {0.001}$
), while significantly lower compliance (
${p} < {0.01}$
) and lower peak flow velocity magnitude (
${p} < {0.001}$
) were determined in older (54–73 y.o.) compared with young (24–32 y.o.) subjects. Finally, initial feasibility was shown in an atherosclerotic common carotid artery
in vivo
. The proposed imaging modality successfully provided information on blood flow patterns and arterial wall stiffness and is expected to provide additional insight in studying carotid artery biomechanics, as well as aid in carotid artery disease diagnosis and monitoring.