A Classifier for Improving Cause and Effect in SSVEP-based BCIs for Individuals with Complex Communication Disorders

We present CCA
CUSUM
, a classifier for steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that determines whether a user is attending to a flickering stimulus or is at rest. Correct classification of these two states establishes cause and effect between the BCI and its user, which is essential for helping individuals with complex communication disorders (CCDs) communicate. However, the low signal-to-noise ratio SSVEPs of individuals with CCDs often leads to the incorrect detection of transitions between states, undermining the relationship between cause and effect. To address this challenge, CCA
CUSUM
detects transitions between states and then infers the user’s state from these transitions. To test our algorithm, we compared CCA
CUSUM
to a traditional canonical correlation analysis classifier using electroencephalography (EEG) data collected from four participants using MusicBox—a simple SSVEP-based BCI. Compared with the traditional classifier, CCA
CUSUM
correctly identified true transitions in user state while reducing the number of falsely detected transitions. This improves the cause and effect relationship between the BCI and the user and, with further development, should improve the ability of people with CCDs to use SSVEP-based BCIs to communicate.