Adaptive Coordination Strategy Based on Fuzzy Control for Electric Vehicles and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage—Towards Reliably Operating Utility Grids

Due to the enormous increase in the interconnection of electric vehicles (EVs) into utility power grids, more and more challenges are arising in modern power systems. To handle these challenges, many attempts have been proposed to achieve the satisfactory performance of EV charging/discharging, the improvement of utility power grids operation, and an adaptive coordination strategy for the EV-grid connection. Energy storage systems (ESSs) may play a vital role in this process by injecting/absorbing their energy into/from the grid, including EVs. This paper proposes an adaptive coordination method based on fuzzy logic control (FLC) for EVs and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) to enhance the charge and discharge processes of EVs during off and on peak loading periods. FLC is utilized to organize the charging/discharging process for both EVs and SMES. The state of charge (SoC) of SMES and EVs is considered as the input for EVs' FLC besides the electricity price (EP) signal. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed coordination method, uncertain numbers of EVs, the rate of EP, and daily residential load profile are included in this study. The results demonstrate that the proposed coordination method can improve the performance of EV charging/discharging. Moreover, the cooperative operation with SMES and the reliability improvement of the utility power are preserved using the proposed coordination strategy.