Complete Provision of MPC-Based LFC By Electric Vehicles With Inertial and Droop Support from DFIG-Based Wind Farm

This paper taps on the participation ability of the Electric Vehicles Aggregator (EVA) in Load Frequency Control (LFC). The focus here is on EVA complete provision of LFC using Vehicle-to-Grid technology. This provision is possible however it faces two main challenges. The first one is the post-disturbance oscillations in the frequency when there is a time delay in the system. To cope with these oscillations two approaches are suggested. One is the application of constraints in the designing of model predictive control for LFC. Whereas the other is the emulated inertial and droop support from doubly-fed induction generator-based wind farm. This support along with the oscillation damping improved the overall frequency response to a disturbance. The second challenge is the variation in the sources’ especially of the EVAs’ capacity used for LFC. Acquiring the dynamic participation factor for these sources, successfully accommodated the variation in their capacities. Finally, this novel idea is tested through various case studies in Matlab/Simulink, including single and multiple LFC events, in the isolated and three-area systems. Hence establishing the EVs and DFIG-WFs’ potential of participating in grid frequency control by replacing partly or fully the fossil fuel-based sources.