Complex Envelope Hybrid Implicit–Explicit Procedure With Enhanced Absorption for Bandpass Nonreciprocal Application

For bandpass simulation of nonreciprocal devices with fine and complex structures, hybrid implicit-explicit (HIE) perfectly matched layer (PML) which is incorporated with the higher order concept and complex envelope (CE) method is proposed in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) lattice. The proposed implementation shows advantages in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and absorption. The effectiveness is demonstrated through the simulation and measurement of ferrite circulator. Through numerical results, the proposed scheme can obtain considerable efficiency and enhanced absorption. From the measurement results, it can be seen that the proposed scheme impacts entire performance in bandpass nonreciprocal simulation.