Design of a New Dual-Mode Torque Standard Machine Using the Principle of the Kibble Balance

As a result of decades of research on the Kibble balance, the definition of a kilogram has changed from the international prototype kilogram (IPK) to Planck's constant beginning in 2019. Therefore, standards for mass-derived units, such as force and torque, can also be achieved via a new approach that differs from conventional methods. Torque is a physical quantity related to rotation and is expressed as the product of force and working distance. Conventional torque standard can calibrate only the static torque amount. Recently, demand has been increasing for dynamic torque standards. So far, there has been no traceability to the dynamic torque standard. In this article, a new dual-mode torque standard machine is proposed and developed. This system can produce both static and dynamic torques because it operates on the principle of the Kibble balance.