The Impact of Renewables on Operational Security: Operating Power Systems That Have Extremely High Penetrations of Nonsynchronous Renewable Sources

For decades, electricity transmission systems were planned to operate within the scope of active power transfers that, by their nature, were fairly well defined and limited in number, size, and direction. However, in recent years, this situation has been dramatically changing in front of our eyes as a result of two main developments. The first concerns new types of renewable power generation (i.e., wind, solar, tidal wave, and so on) and their increasing share of the generation portfolio. The second relates to the introduction and evolution of electricity markets. These factors contribute to fundamental changes in generation patterns and power transfers in ways that were not anticipated.