Optimal Location of AC-HVDC Tie-line in a Multi-Area LFC System Incorporated with Renewable and ESD Considering CA Optimized PI-TID Cascade Controller

This article presents the impact of various renewables and ESD on three- area LFC system. Area-1 contains thermal-DSTS-STPP systems and area-2, 3 comprises of thermal systems only. An initial effort was made to apply cascade PI-TID as an ancillary controller with crow-search algorithm (CA) as an optimization technique in LFC studies. Comparison of system dynamics with PI-TID controller in a thermal system are compared with PID, TID reveals the better performance. It is observed that integration of renewable like STPP and DSTS in area-1 improves system dynamics over thermal alone. Moreover, it is also observed that system dynamics improves with ESD like RFB and UC. Further, studies are also conducted with HVDC tie-line and show better performance over AC tie-line. Furthermore, the optimal location of AC-HVDC tie-line is found in the area among the disturbance connected areas.