Stealthy GPS Spoofing: Spoofer Systems, Spoofing Techniques and Strategies

Global Positioning System (GPS) and its counterparts are popular for its position, velocity, and time (PVT) information. GPS is vulnerable to spoofing attacks. A comprehensive understanding of GPS spoofing attack requirements, impacts, type of target, and success rates are required to develop anti-spoofing algorithms. This paper aims to provide an understanding regarding the selection of spoofer type, operating location of the spoofer, the impact of spoofing, spoofing techniques, and strategies for performing stealthy GPS spoofing for various applications. This work proposes four novel spoofing techniques (persistent false target, persistent walking target, persistent pull-off target, and persistent walking pull-off target models) and their mathematical realization. Further, it provides efficient spoofing strategies (static pull-off, dynamic pull-off, walking position, and stationary position) for various civilian and military applications. Moreover, various types of targets and their GPS spoofing vulnerabilities have been incorporated (yacht, aircraft, trucks, trains, security tagged criminals, and mobile phones).