Real-time strategy based on feedforward fuzzy to manage the PEM fuel cell based micro-combined-heat-and power system

In this study, the embedded feedforward fuzzy strategy for energy management system (EMS) is applied on a Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell based hybrid power systems consisting of PEM fuel cell stack, battery and waste heat recovery system. The integrated system also refers to as a micro-combined heat and power (CHP) system supplying electric power and hot water in a residential application. The EMS is able to protect the battery overcharging/discharging and prohibit the each power source running in over-power condition. The proposed strategy is aimed at making the developed hybrid power system an uninterrupted power supply and balancing the power between primary power source and secondary power source based on considering the external load demand, state charge of a battery, and temperature of the thermal storage system simultaneously. In order to avoid the waste of hot water in the thermal storage system resulting in the reduction of overall energy efficiency, the proposed energy management strategy will try to avoid the high power output of the fuel cell when the storage system is in a high temperature state. Unless the battery is in an extremely low SOC state, the system prioritizes a safe operation of uninterrupted operation to allow the fuel cell to operate at a high power output.