Fully Fabric High Impedance Surface-Enabled Antenna for Wearable Medical Applications

The compact and robust high-impedance surface (HIS) integrated with the antenna is designed to operate at a frequency of 2.45 GHz for wearable applications. They are made of highly flexible fabric material. The overall size is
$45\times \,\,45\times 2.4$
mm
³
which equivalent to
$0.37\lambda \text{o}\times 0.37\lambda \text{o}\times 0.02$
mm
³
. The value of using HIS lies in protecting the human body from harmful radiation and maintaining the performance of the antenna, which may be affected by the high conductivity of the human body. Besides, setting the antenna on the human body by itself detunes the frequency, but by adding HIS, it becomes robust and efficient for body loading and deformation. Integrated antenna with HIS demonstrates excellent performance, such as a gain of 7.47 dBi, efficiency of 71.8% and FBR of 10.8 dB. It also reduces the SAR below safety limits. The reduction is more than 95%. Therefore, the presented design was considered suitable for wearable applications. Further study was also performed to show the useful of placing antenna over HIS compared to the use of perfect electric conductor (PEC). The integrated design was also investigated with the worst case of varying the permittivity of body equivalent model which shows excellent performance in term of reflection coefficient and SAR levels. Hence, the integrated antenna with HIS is mechanically robust to human body tissue loading, and it is highly appropriate for body-worn applications.