Hardware Architecture Design and Implementation of Different Space Modulation Techniques

Space modulation techniques (SMTs) are shown to facilitate multiple-input multiple-output transmitter designs with a maximum of a single RF-chain. This article aims to review and summarize recent advancements in SMTs' hardware design and implementations. This includes a discussion of challenges, implementation issues, and the state of the art. Related contents covered in this article are transceiver designs, hardware challenges, practical deployment, and reliability. As well, potential future directions are highlighted.