Comparative Survey on Single Password Authentication Techniques

Passwords are the most common way of authentication. Generally, people tend to use the same password for numerous online servers. However, passwords have various vulnerabilities, including offline dictionary attacks, phishing, honeypots, keyloggers, and man-in-the-middle attacks. Single Password Authentication (SPA) techniques enable users to be secure with a single password. Throughout this article, SPA protocol, and the attacks that password are vulnerable to are introduced. Then, a detailed survey of existing SPA systems is proposed. The existing SPA schemes are compared, and we conclude with future research directions.