Techniques to The Development of Semi-solid Tissue Phantoms for Wearable and Implantable Antenna Measurements

In this paper, two different techniques have been proposed for the development of phantoms that can mimic the electrical properties of different tissues and can be used in particular for the measurement of wearable and implant antennas. One of these techniques is aimed at developing long-life phantoms, while the other aims to control the dielectric constant over a wide range. The method used to measure the electrical properties of the developed phantoms is explained. In addition, the effect of each material used on the electrical properties of the phantom is investigated. The results are presented as a guide that shows the required amount of ingredients to reach relative permittivity and conductivity values in the range of 32-65 and 1.1-2.7 S/m respectively at 2.5 GHz.