A Time- and Energy-Optimal Routing Strategy for Electric Vehicles with Charging Constraints

Accurate long-distance route planners for electric vehicles could help to alleviate driving range anxiety. A timeand energy-optimal routing strategy with consideration of battery charging constraints is presented here. The accuracy of the approach is improved by modeling the impact of weather and traffic conditions on the vehicle's energy consumption, as well as by considering realistic charging functions. The routing problem is cast as a multi-objective optimization and solved with different algorithms to assess the accuracy and the tractability of each method. Results show that appealing tradeoffs in terms of trip time and energy consumption appear when speed becomes a decision variable and is adjusted on some portions of the route.