Electric Vehicles Optimal Scheduling for Peer-to-Peer Energy Trade and Ancillary Services Provision to the Grid

Electric vehicles (EVs) have already been proliferated across the globe as an alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles to deal with the environmental issues. The extensive deployment of EVs can bring challenges to the grid if not properly integrated. Such challenges, however, can be turned into opportunities if the huge unused capacity of the battery storage in millions of EVs are utilized for ancillary services to the grid and peer-to-peer (PtP) energy trade. To that end, this paper proposes a new charging scheme for EVs considering PtP energy trade and ancillary services provision to the grid via smart contracts. A smart contract process is introduced to govern the PtP transactions between EV users. Further, an optimal EV charging scheduling algorithm is proposed that incorporates PtP energy offers and ancillary service requests into the scheduling process. The efficacy and feasibility of the proposed algorithm are validated through numerical studies.