Economic and Environmental Impact of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration in an Intermittent Utility Grid

The importance of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power transfer is increasing due to increased penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) along with an increasing focus on reducing fossil fuel emissions. The V2G feature of EVs has the potential to increase grid stability and optimize power flows at the distribution scale for many developed regions. However, in many developing regions, the grid is mostly intermittent, and the role of EVs must be redefined in many unique scenarios. In line with this rationale, this paper assesses two scenarios; 1, the role of V2G in reliable utility grid (a typical case in developed countries), and 2, the role of V2G in intermittent utility grid (a common scenario in developing countries). Assessment is based on the role of V2G in operational kWh cost reduction and CO
₂
emission reduction with tangible benefits of V2G operation as compared to business as usual.